The behavior of an at

Describe at least three at-risk behaviors that you would address as this student’s Teacher, and explain why each behavior is problematic At-risk behaviors can be defined as those behaviors people have, which could lead to a high probability of making bad choices that could affect their future. They may include drug use, alcohol consumption, and low concentration among other behaviors (Zhan, 1999, p.91). In reference to the case study, this 16-year-old student has a number of at-risk behaviors.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on The behavior of an at-risk student specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first involves sleeping frequently in class, which lowers the student’s level of concentration, and important lessons taught in class are likely to pass by, thus affecting the student during exams. Indeed, the student is likely to fail his exams, as his concentration level is low. The second behavior in volves refusing to answer question directly, an at-risk behavior that means the student never concentrates in class, and therefore he avoids answering questions directly, as he is not sure of the answers. Another at-risk behavior, defacing of desks and textbooks in class, indicates that this student is careless, and this could be a hindrance to his success in the future, where he may required being careful, yet failing tremendously. His anti-social behavior is of concern, as he is not able to make many friends; this could be problematic in the future where teamwork is expected, and therefore, the victim may find it hard to blend in with others. Due to the fact that the student has only one surviving parent, circumstances force him to work after school, hence, his attention is divided, and thus the main cause of loosing focus in class. Briefly describe at least three instructional interventions that you, as this.  Student’s teacher, would implement in the classroom during th e regular school.  Day to appropriately address each at-risk behavior At-risk behaviors associated with students can be solved through various interventions. According to Hilyer Walden university (2007, p.4), teachers can rely on improvement programs that focus on knowledge about dealing with students; this can include communication methods. Nevertheless, the student’s behavior of refusing to answer questions directly symbolizes failure to listen to questions, or fear of giving the wrong answer. Therefore, a teacher should ensure that a program of enhancing listening is initiated, such that, the student’s understands the question first before answering it.Advertising Looking for coursework on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Panahon, et al. (2007, p.36), cognitive behavior therapy intervention assists students in problem solving, whereby, students are taught how to evaluate challenging s ituations by gathering relevant information, thinking about the responses, and choosing the best response to give in form of an answer. Cognitive oriented instruction intervention involves strategies that aim at assisting students on effective learning. These strategies enable teachers to assist students in improving their thinking, hence enabling them to give the right responses; in addition, monitoring of students’ progress is encouraged (McREL, 2003, p.4). Behavior education program (BEP) is an intervention that involves daily check-in and checks-outs on the student. A teacher ensures that a student checks in with him after class, thereby receiving an immediate feedback on his/her behavior during class time. In addition, a student’s progress is monitored and performance reports are sent to parents. This kind of intervention will enable a student to be cautious on his behavior, especially if the teachers and parents are involved in assisting the student. BEP involves frequent meetings between the teacher and the student, and low effort is required from the teachers, continuous monitoring enables effective decision-making, (Lindsey White, 2008, p.670). Anti-social at-risk behavior It is evident that the student is anti-social, hence unfriendly and only relates to few friends. Therefore, the need for Tier 2 social skill groups is important, as it assists the student to develop social skills and relate well with his peers, hence communication skills are enhanced, and the student is able to improve on teamwork (Sandomierski, Kincaid Bob, N.d., p.4). Tier two interventions include small group counseling interventions; it is designed to enable students to be flexible and highly efficient. It is factual that students with behavioral problem have academic challenges too; therefore, the need to implement effective interventions is necessary.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on The behavior of an at-risk student specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Mentoring program is an intervention that assists students in their challenges; this program will focus on the causes of the student’s anti-social behavior. A teacher should be in a position to mentor a student and create a form of trust with the student. In addition, a student will then be able to pour out his heart to the teacher, and the root of the problem can be identified. Peer paring is important for the anti-social behavior, such that the student will be able to develop positive social skills when paired up with his peers; hence the student learns to cooperate and communicating, hence improving on his social behavior. The anti-social nature of a student may affect the student’s after-school life; however, when tackled at a young stage, the issue may be eliminated. Frequent sleeping in class at risk behavior This kind of behavior affects a student’s academic life, as his concentration is lo w, however, a teacher can curb such a problem via introducing rules that are against sleeping in class. However a teacher can have a one on one meeting with student and try to understand the cause of his behavior, which in this case, the cause may be tiresomeness due to multi tasking, especially when this student works after classes to support his family. Increasing one-on-one time with a student is an intervention that will assist the student to realize the value of academics and how to balance his schoolwork and work life. These interventions should be based on finding solutions to a student’s problems; therefore, they should be geared towards effectiveness. The teacher can also assist the student to manage his time effectively to reach a balance. Counseling can also assist students in sharing their problems with the counselor, thereafter the counselor can find ways to assist such students in overcoming challenges that affect their class work, (Lindsey White, 2008, p.666). Communication should be encouraged between the teachers and the students to ensure quality learning. Using of whole brain teaching which includes humor, play, games, or music can keep a student alert and attentive in class, since it engages the students for its fun (Barnes, 2010).Advertising Looking for coursework on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Barnes, D. (2010). Interventions for at – risk students. Web. Hilyer, S., Walden University. (2007). Intervention strategies for underachieving and at-risk middle-level students. NY: ProQuest Publisher. Panahon, A. et al. (2007). School-based Interventions for Students with or at Risk for Depression. Web. Sandomierski, T. Kincaid, D., Bob, A. (N.d). Response to Intervention and Positive Behavior Support: Brothers from Different Mothers or Sisters from Different Misters. Web. White, M., Lindsey, B. (2008). Tier 2 Behavioral Interventions for At-Risk.: Students. Web. Zhan, L. (1999). Asian voices: Asian and Asian American health educators speak out. NJ: Jones Bartlett Learning Publisher. This coursework on The behavior of an at-risk student was written and submitted by user Hazel Galloway to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Consumer culture †Is Individual Identity Shaped Essays

Consumer culture – Is Individual Identity Shaped Essays Consumer culture – Is Individual Identity Shaped Essay Consumer culture – Is Individual Identity Shaped Essay Consumer civilization – Is Individual Identity Shaped by Consumption or is it the Basis of Consumer Choice? In order to reply this inquiry it is necessary to research the research undertaken within the country in order to construct up a clear image of whether individualities are shaped by purchases and ownerships, or whether individualities shape individual’s consumer activities. The findings will be contrasted with Hagiographas on consumer behavior, which addresses issues such as young person disbursement, category consumer wonts and ethical consumer disbursement. This will all be placed within the current context of the global supermarket’ . Mannetti, Pierro and Livi ( 2002 ) conducted a survey on ingestion, which aimed to demo that identity variables contribute significantly to the account of purchase intention ( 1431 ) . Within their research, they quote James ( 1980 ) , who stated that, It is clear that between what a adult male calls me and what he merely calls mine the line is hard to pull. We feel and act about certain things that are ours really much as we feel and act about ourselves†¦in its widest possible sense, nevertheless, a adult males Self is the sum sum of what he CAN name his, non merely his organic structure and his psychic powers, but his apparels and his house ( quoted within Mannetti et Al, 1432 ) . It is clear that Mannetti et Al seek individuality to be added as a constituent to the TPB theoretical account ( Theory of Planned Behaviour ) ; a behavior theoretical account developed by Ajzen, which was designed to understand the procedures within which persons make determinations. Identity is non presently one of the prevailing factors within this theoretical account. They recognise the norms associated with ownerships and how they influence consumerism, as they province, to understand consumer behavior we must hold on the significance that individuality has a strong correlativity to consumerism. To back up their statement they quote Write, Claiborne and Sirgy ( 1992 ) who states that merchandises are associated with stereotyped images of users, connoting that consumers make a determination whether to adhere to that stereotype by buying the merchandise. Mannetti et al’s survey tests the potential utility of ego individuality to merchandise consumer behavior identities ( 1435 ) with allusion to three merchandises: nomadic phones of no specific trade name, back packs of which the trade name was Invicta, and tickers of which the trade name was Swatch. They province that the monetary values of the nomadic phones were high for the market, and low for the back packs and tickers. They discovered that the consequences from the nomadic phone survey showed that subjective norms played a big portion in whether an person would take a specific phone. They besides province that this contradicts old research as subjective norms have been shown to be the weakest factor in finding action. They note that the high presence of such norms in act uponing determination could be down to the fact that nomadic phones are a typical instrument for keeping societal relations ( 1439 ) . Mobile phones are used for texting’ – directing short t yped messages to other phones, and can be used to take and direct photographic images. In this sense so, it is non surprising that subjective norms would be predominating factor in the determination devising procedure for this point. The Invicta back packs demonstrated somewhat different consequences. It appeared that identity similarity’ instead than subjective norms influenced the determination to buy this merchandise, in other words the more participants perceives themselves to be like the typical user of Invicta back packs, the more they intended to buy one of them ( 1442 ) . Similar consequences were found refering the Swatch ticker. This would therefore indicate that, as stereotyped individualities are prescribed to an point, comprehending whether the consumer fits this individuality before buying is an of import factor. They besides point set that as their survey included functional points – phones, back packs and tickers, the impression of similarity identity’ and subjective norm force per unit area would be even more relevant in the determination devising procedure for luxury purchases. To sum up Mannetti et al’s survey of consumer behavior, they province that their survey supported the impression that, Peoples can develop an purpose to buy a merchandise because they are cognizant that the stereotyped image of the generalized user of that merchandise is close/similar to their ain existent egos ; that is they understand that the specific purchase affords the expression/confirmation of who they think themselves to be ( 1447 ) . They besides point out Wicklund and Gollwitzer remarks, that it could be argued persons recognise the stereotyped image associated with a certain merchandise, and recognize that as an ideal version of themselves. This is non who they are but who they would wish to be, and believe that by buying the point they could go, or at least appear, to be this idealized version. Shaw and Shui’s ( 2002 ) survey entitledThe Role of Ethical Obligation and Self Identity in Ethical Consumer Choice, focuses on how individual’s ethical beliefs affect their consumer picks. They province, In the context of ethical consumer behavior, determination devising may be driven by a sense of ethical duty and ego individuality with ethical issues ( 109 ) . Shaw and Shui besides refer to the TPB theoretical account within their survey. They quote Sparks et Al ( 1995 ) who province that in certain state of affairss or for certain behaviors, perceives moral duty may arise in the influence of others, and perceptual experiences of such duties may, in bend influence attitudes toward behavior ( 271 ) ( 110 ) . Shaw and Shui province that the TPB theoretical account is based on hedonistic results instead than a consideration of useful motives ( 110 ) and steadfastly believe that ethical concerns contribute to the determination to buy. They besides comment on Sparks et A l ( 1995 ) survey which found that subjective norms did non do a considerable part to merchandise pick, which is in resistance to Mannetti et Al. Shaw and Shui’s survey discovered, as they had predicted, that identification with ethical issues is likely to ensue in an empathy for these concerns, and the consequent development of a more positive attitude towards them ( 114 ) . For illustration, persons with a positive ethical attitude towards supplying a just monetary value for manufacturers would claim that buying fair-trade java would be of importance to them. This survey does connote that personal individuality forms consumer pick, nevertheless it does non supply a definite reply. It could be argued that persons may desire to be viewed as possessing positive ethical beliefs and in order to make so would buy ethical merchandises, such as fair-trade points. With respect to ingestion and individuality, it is necessary to discourse the disbursement attitudes of young persons. Benn’s ( 2004 ) survey on such attitudes illustrates the power and possible kids and immature people have in relation to consumption ( 108 ) . Youths, as Benn points out, are really cognizant of brand power’ and the stereotyped images associated with trade names ; they know precisely what trade name and type they want to purchase and lodge to it, until the following tendency takes over ( 111 ) . Ben mentions one kid within his survey who wears skater’ apparels, and who by making so, perceives himself as skater’ , even though he does non partake in the activity. As Storry and Childs province ( 2002 ) , immature people express their individualities through their purchases, for illustration, the apparels they wear, the nutrient they eat and the music they listen to. Their involvements and leisure activities come at a retail monetary value ; s howing their individualities comes at a retail monetary value. The allotment of norms onto consumer goods is even more prevailing within youth civilization, as Benn’s skater’ male child demonstrates. Identities can be bought and exchanged for new 1s as the tendencies alteration, bespeaking that consumer pick molds identities instead than individuality being the footing of consumer pick. Celia Lurey ( 1997 ) suggests that members of the on the job categories now use consumer picks to project an image that used to be associated with in-between categories. Storry and Childs besides back up this by saying that working people ( are ) going more money centred, household centred and individualistic†¦house and auto ownership in working category countries has become a symbol of lifting status ( 223 ) . Class now appears to be determined by passing ability, although it is non merely the ability to pass, but besides the ways in which that money is spent. A relevant illustration of this could be the popularity of individualized figure home bases ; a clear illustration of projecting individuality through consumerism. Personalised figure home bases project a certain stereotyped individuality, and those who purchase such points, it would be safe to presume, deliberately project this individuality. Britain’s current category construction is now a construction, Lurey sug gests, which because of consumer civilization, enables its members to elect their places instead than hold it imposed upon them. This implies that the points persons purchase determine their individuality, or at least how those individualities are perceived. One facet that must be addressed when discoursing how and why persons spend is the global supermarket’ The Global supermarket is a place where consumers happily choose individualities as they might take suits of clothes ( Matthews, 2000, 178 ) . Matthews states that within the definition of post modern’ society, it states that bing within the planetary supermarket enhances the inability to believes in any larger narrative about the significance of human being, or to stretch its definition a small, the inability to dream of national cultural roots ( 178 ) . Matthews is proposing that single penchants form individuality within this planetary supermarket. Lyon ( 1999 ) suggests that The postmodern is†¦associated with a society where consumer life styles and mass ingestion dominate the waking lives of its members†¦will the postmodern status leave us in a lasting flux of relativity, where all is capable merely to the arbitrary intrigues of the market place? shall we henceforth discover our individuality and integrating in the market place entirely? ( Lyon, 1999, 55-56 ) . Matthews’s sentiment is based on the premise that persons have the freedom to make up ones mind what they wish to devour, based on their gustatory sensations and desires, in other words their individuality. Lyon appears to hold a less positive position of the planetary supermarket, as he gives the feeling that persons stumble through a non-existent world in despairing hunt of an individuality. He implies that persons require such individualities in order to incorporate within society, showing the force per unit area consumerist society inflicts upon its members. Bauman ( 1998 ) states that universally adored in the individuals of the rich is their fantastic ability to pick and take the contents of their lives†¦Being local in a globalised universe is a mark of societal want and degradation ( 95 ) . Bauman is proposing that taking to be local’ within the planetary supermarket, in other words non showing involvements in activities and merchandises that are available f rom the planetary supermarket, is viewed in a negative mode by consumer society. Bauman, like Matthews, perceives the handiness of merchandises and scope of pick within the planetary supermarket as a approval, he demonstrates the force per unit areas to pass and devour within the planetary supermarket ; the force per unit area to take an individuality. As Lurey provinces, the manner in which the persons exercise the will to choose one merchandise as penchant over another, or non to take an point at all, is taken as a mark of individuality ( 248 ) . It is suggested that consumer choice’ is still the agencies by which our society thinks about single bureau and liberty and makes opinions ( good or bad ) about personal identity ( 248 ) . Therefore staying local’ within the planetary supermarket is besides an index of an individual’s individuality. Not devouring within consumer society is every bit every bit of import as trade name pick in finding how others perceiv e individuality ; and is an mercantile establishment for showing individuality. The inclusion of choice’ nevertheless, harmonizing to Hoggart ( 2004 ) is a myth. He states that mass ingestion implies mass approval ( 81 ) . In other words, peculiar merchandises are perceived every bit superior as the multitudes consumed them. He gives the illustration: McDonald’s beefburgers are the pinnacle of culinary criterions of gustatory sensation: much better than a repast prepared by a three-star chef since so many more 1000000s have voted for it with their mouths ( 81 ) . This witty illustration absolutely illustrates how an point that is perceives as being popular becomes popular. This barbarous rhythm is abused by advertisement with the consequence of consumers buying points that they believe to be superior due to the belief that others think so excessively. It could be argued that persons hence had no pick at all, as the planetary supermarket persuades persons to devour what is popular, or what is perceived to be popular. There appears to be valid statements for both opposing constructs ; whether single individuality is shaped by ingestion, or whether individuality is the footing of what one consumes. It would look that depending upon the usage of the specific consumerable’ point, and whether or non other people will be able to see an persons ownership of the point, has a great affect on the determination doing procedure of devouring that point. Clothes and accoutrements, music and points such as nomadic phones, carry a batch of subjective norms and stereotypes and it could hence be argued, as it was shown by Mannetti et Al, that these points project an individuality. It has to be proven nevertheless, whether or non persons consume points which demonstrate who they are, or whether they demonstrate who they want to be. Lunt and Livingstone ( 1992 ) province that consumer civilization provides conditions within which most people work out their identities ( 29-33 ) , proposing that individualities are developed with the usage of consumerism. Mannetti et al conclude by saying that it seems that in modern-day mundane life, the presentation of ego ( Goffman, 1959 ) is based on stuff ownerships ( even cheap 1s ) every bit much as, if non more than, on the look of attitudes and opinions ( 1446 ) . It would look so, that as society Judgess one another based on stuff ownerships it can merely be concluded that in the bulk of instances, single individuality is shaped by ingestion. Society attached norms and values onto objects, and by devouring these objects, these norms and values are displayed for others to see and measure. Plants Cited/Bibliography: Diaries: Benn, J. , Consumer Education Between Consumership’ and Citizenship: Experiences from Studies of Young People , inInternational Journal of Consumer Surveies, 2004, March, 28 ( 2 ) , pp108-116. Chapman, K. , K. , Grace-Martin and H.T. Lawless, Expectations and Stability of Preference Choice , inJournal of Sensory Surveies, 2006, 21, pp 441-445. Elliott, R. , Existential Consumption and Irrational Desire , inJournal of Marketing, 1997, 31, pp 285-296. Mannetti, L. , A. Pierro, and S. Livi, Explaining Consumer Behavior: From Planned to Self-Expressive Behaviour , inJournal of Applied Social Psychology, 2002, 32, 7, pp 1431-1451. Shaw, D. , and E. Shui, The Role of Ethical Obligation and Self-Identity in Ethical Consumer Choice , inInternational Journal of Consumer Surveies, 26, 2, June 2002, pp109-116. Flickers, P. , R. Shepherd and L. J. Frewer, Assessing and Structuring Attitudes Toward the Use of Gene Technology in Food Production: The Role of Perceived Ethical Obligation , inBasic and Applied Social Psychology, 1995, 16 ( 34 ) , pp267-285. Books: Hoggart, R,Mass Media in a Mass Society: Myth and Reality, London: Continuum, 2004. Lunt, P and Livingstone, S, Mass Consumption and Personal Identity, Buckingham: Open University Press, 1992. Lurey, C,Consumer Culture, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1997. Bauman, Z.Globalization: The Human Consequences, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998. Lyon, D.Postmodernity, Buckingham: Open University Press, 1999. Saint matthews, G,Global Culture/Individual Identity: Searching for Home in the Cultural Supermarket, London: Routledge, 2000. Storry, M and Childs, P.British Cultural Identities, London: Routledge, 2002. 1

'Power Point Project of ENGINEERING CLASS Essay

'Power Point Project of ENGINEERING CLASS - Essay Example As I look back on the memorable notes of that event, I noticed how some points expressed the excitement I felt particularly towards the last part of the game. Watching the replay of the 10th round’s highlight. Even the commentator bellowed â€Å"boom!† on one solid hit by P. Referee checked T’s wounds at 1:40 into the game but he did not stop the fight. Bell signals the end of round 11 and the crowd is going crazy. Final round! My hands are sweaty from excitement! P was sure easing off on T. T is really bleeding bad and no one is stopping the game! No one needs any tabulation of points. Everybody knows who is the winner! P!!! Replay of highlights. T needs hospitalization..FAST! According to Adler, momentum is a process involving style, effort, speed, intensity, and success (14). As I look back on that day, I realized some of these processes happened not only in the game itself, but also to me personally, right there on the chair as I sit and watch. The match star ted with me thinking it will be an uneventful first part of the fight, but one forceful jab sent me sitting up straight on the chair and the crowd in the arena howling their first in-game cheers. It happened so quickly that all I hear was the screaming crowd and the commentators trying to raise their voices above the noise. The scene kept on, with P throwing several jabs, yet landing a few. Every time T starts to back-up and stalk P around the ring, P throws a couple of his famous three-punch combination. The rise of the momentum for P happened so fast it literally made my heartbeat race with excitement. The attacks, back steps, and forward lunges were all done with swift poise and exactness I can almost imagine P being so sure he could knock T out any minute. I could say there was a steady rise of momentum right from the first round, and it was so contagious it was sent to where I was sitting, through the screen, from the boxing arena. T tried hard to match P’s momentum, or even dissuade it with his own series of punches and alert defense. T was surely able to land a few jabs on P, albeit deterring P’s movements, but only for a short while. These are momentum breakers (Adler and Scott 93), but unfortunately, since P started the activity so well and received â€Å"early positive feedback† (Adler and Scott 14), he was able to continue building up what he started early on in the match. Looking back on the first round, P was able to gain momentum immediately (Adler and Scott 78) that made it hard for T to counter it right after. In T’s attacks, one can feel his sedateness occasionally with the not-so-intense jabs that he threw at P during the next several minutes of the match (Adler and Scott 15). This was even made more obvious during the fourth round, when more powerful, unanswered punches gave the audience a view of a bleeding T. From there, I sensed another momentum breaker, unfortunately, for T’s momentum, which apparently has not even reached its peak yet. Adler mentioned that a momentum is largely dependent on the actor’s thoughts and feelings towards the situation (15). If this is the case, then T’s situation was not that hopeful to start with, as this could cause him to step back and assess the situation, which would have been another momentum breaker for him (Adler and Scott 93). By the middle part of the match, my hands were already clammy with cold sweat. I did not

CS 4 - Strategic Choices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CS 4 - Strategic Choices - Essay Example This forms the principal guideline of Coca-Cola whereby it designs its company activities to suit the income and preference changes in the market. It is essential to note that Coca-Cola serves various ages of individuals: Both the old and young person’s utilize the brand. Coca-Cola is widely spread around the world. The activities of Coca-Cola transcend bias even in low-income countries. The countries, under Coca-Cola service stretch from USA, Canada, Europe, Asia and Africa. The company’s headquarters manage a global channel of distribution. In turn, it produces diverse brands out of the traditional domain of soda brands (Hirschey, 2008). Additionally, Coca-Coca integrates its activities in customers, employees, partners and its leadership. As for the partners, the company’s mission regards linking customers, suppliers and the company in a competitive network of entities. Coca-cola, as well, strive to a socially just society through participation in world concer ns and other community’s issues. These community’s issues regard water, sanitation and hunger. Revision of SWOT analysis This regards the strength that Coca-Cola possesses in the beverage competition. In close relation to this, SWOT analysis addresses the loopholes to achieving an edge in beverage market. In addition, it addresses challenges and inevitable threats it faces from the markets and competitive field. The company possesses notable strengths. To begin with, Coca-Cola shares a long history of serving the beverage world. This is contrary to companies that feel out of the competitive field. Each emerging generation of customers are willing to identify with the brand. The brand name is a robust force that traverses across groups and countries. This help in the fact that individuals can easily relate to the brand without relating the same to a specific group’s link (Inkpen & Ramaswany, 2006). The company utilizes an effective advertising method of various t ypes to harness customer base. The company faces a weakness of offering almost similar products just as other beverage companies. Despite its strength, the brand loses out to other popular brands such as Pepsi. Additionally, the company faces the weakness of offering products that medical expertise has analyzed to contain harm to individuals. The larger the quantity of such products, the more risky it becomes to consume. The opportunities for Coca-cola are notable. To begin with, the company can collaborate with other brands to produce different goods. This will serve to minimize anti-market campaigns and competition. In addition, the brand can engage in production of healthy products. The company can also establish a unique taste in their beverages to edge themselves out of the brands such as Pepsi. The company’s threats regards protective measures from other countries. This relates to tariffs and policies. In addition, its expansive activities face the challenge of politica l instability in some of its operation countries (Kapferer, 2012). Strategic choices Coca-Cola has several strategic choices that build on its core strategy of diversity in service. Coca-Cola literally expands into new market territories. The main method it employs to achieve this means of distributive properties. Despite the fact that Coca Cola’s headquarters are in Atlanta, the company owns bottling companies in several countries. The benefit as regards to this strategy relates to

FGM and Vulvas With a Difference Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

FGM and Vulvas With a Difference - Coursework Example Over 90% of females residing in Somalia, Eritrea and the Sudan have been exposed to this inhumane practice. (Toubia & Susan 2009) Type IV – perforating, piercing or slitting of the clitoris and the labia; elongating of the clitoris and the labia; sealing by smoldering the clitoris and adjacent tissues; scraping off tissues neighboring the vaginal opening or whole removal of the vagina; institution of eroding elements or parsleys into the vagina to bring about hemorrhage or for the tenacity of narrowing or contracting it; alongside any other process that is categorized under the explanations mentioned above. (Toubia & Susan 2009) The Modern approach of FGM has made many women go crazy about their sexual organs in the belief that they are modernizing their vaginas and discovering new and elaborate ways of making their sexual organs unique. Websites like â€Å"Designer Vagina† are offering women services and cosmetic surgeries like vaginal constriction and labiaplasty. All this are just FGM albeit in a more contemporary manner. The practice may be done at any time during the lifespan of the victim, from initial stages of life to the period which the victim is getting married or during the death of the husband depending on the local traditions, but happens most over and over again during puberty stage. The exercise is most commonly executed by inexperienced midwives by use of tools like the kitchen knives, glass shards or razor blades. The impression of the archaic form of FGM on the well-being of the individual is reliant on the magnitude and type of method, the expertise of the practitioner, the hygiene levels of the tools and the settings of the operation, and the physical situation of the lady in question. This is unlike in the present times whereby the medical levels are of high standards and the operation tools and procedures are developed to ensure the patient’s safety is paramount. The instant or interim health problems communal to

Text Messaging Affects Language Skills English Language Essay

Text Messaging Affects Language Skills English Language Essay In recent years, there has been an enormous increase in the relativity of using cell phones to communicate. Cell phones have become the fundamental components of family life, especially for most teenagers. Appearance of unlimited texting plans offered by phone companies like Sprint, T-mobile and Verizon, texting is becoming hard to resist. IYO TXTng = Gd 4 or NME of Lang? (Text Message Dictionary) If you cannot understand the previous sentence, then you are most likely are not aware of the language of the text messaging. Who are the originators of this language? The answer is most of the teenagers in the modern society. The translation for the vague sentence above is: In your opinion, is texting good for or the enemy of language? Text messaging has provided our society with a quick means through which to communicate. It has taken out the need for capitalization, punctuation and the use and knowledge of sentence structure. However, this recent form of communication has become so promi nent that some educationists worry that it may be damaging teens literacy skills. Others, however, believe that teenagers are making their own language in the modern society and see no effect on their students language skills. I think that the one way text messaging affects language skills is that it leads to the downfall of communication. It aids the lack of intellect and flow of logic that humans possess when communicating with another human being. When I was in a McDonalds couple of days ago, I observed something that disturbed me; it also annoyed me a bit and this had to do with communication skills and texting. A table in a corner across from when I and friend were seated, there were three young people, ages that I can guess to be around 16. They each ordered drinks and French fries and they all had cell phones held in their hands. Couples had ear buds in their ears and probably listening to music that they enjoyed. They shake back and forth around in their seats to the beat when they were listening to their music and texting on their mobile phones. Every couple of seconds, one of them would eat fries and slurp his drink and they were all texting. They were seemingly texting each other from the snickering laugh and pokes I observed yet they were all sitting right there at the same table. The thing that irritated me the most was that there was literally no verbal conversation other than a casual grunt. Their communication was done on their cell phone with no face to face conversation with their friends who were sitting next to each other. Are we losing our ability to truly communicate or, use voices? When you are sitting at the same same table why werent you talking? Texting is not talking. Most teenagers in this society dont talk to other people face to face. There is no verbal communication. It is hard to make sense of the language because there is no tone, no expression, no feeling, no body language and it is easy to text about some issues rather than talk face to face. It is also easy to apprehend into a conversation which is not really there and make wrong conclusions, without fully understanding what is being communicated. I know people who not only freak out about having to give a public speech, but who worry about having a face-to-face conversation. Its a bit ridiculous. Texting lingo has already spread to speech, social networking sites and other areas of writing. Shorthand phrases such as LOL and OMG first appeared in messaging forums and transferred smoothly into text lingo. The same thing is happening in reverse. This is not a complication when youre texting or emailing your friends, but young people dont understand that you cant write LOL into an email to your boss. As American University linguistics professor Naomi Baron states, So much of American society has become sloppy or laissez faire about the mechanics of writing (Hauck). I agree with her. Check any popular forum and see for yourself what the bloodbath of spelling and grammar looks like. So when we are not forced to write out words, the rules of our language arent enforced. Recent research seems to support that texting has an adverse impact on peoples linguistic ability. Drew Cingle and S. Shyam Sundar conducted research at Penn State University. They published their research in the professional journal,  New Media and Society.  Both authors argued that the students who write in techspeak used shorthand phrases, homophones, essential and nonessential letters to compose a text message. They thought that writing in techspeak would prevent persons ability to go from techspeak to normal rules of grammar. They did research to find if text messaging affected students grammar skills. Based on their data from over 500 students from middle school, they concluded there is evidence of a decline in grammar scores. Cingle gives reader personal example from his two younger nieces. He indicates that their text messages were incomprehensible and that he had ask them what they were trying to get out of that message. The message was incomprehensible because the use o f shortcuts, he said (Cingle Sundar). Joan Lee did another study to find the impact of texting on language skills. She conducted her study for her masters thesis in linguistics. Based on her data, her results proved that the students who texted more were less open to new terminology. Her results also proved that students who read media were more open to expanding their vocabulary. Our assumption about texting is that it encourages unconstrained language, Lee argues, but the study found this to be a myth. Lee argues that reading print media exposes people to variety and  creativity  in language that is not found in text messaging used among youth (Lee). I think persons vocabulary expands upon first using communication device due to some unique words used in texting. However, the terminology size levels off as the person knows most of the words that are unique to texting. After that, the person will use same group of vocabulary over and over again. Lastly, teenagers in this society dont know exactly what listening is. They may look like they are listening, but things are going in one ear and right out the other. College students who frequently text message during class have difficulty staying attentive to classroom lectures and consequently are at risk of having poor results, according to a study by Fan-Yi Flora Wei, and his two colleagues Ken Wang and Michael Klaussner. They published their study in the journal  Communication  Education. They concluded that most college students believe they are capable of performing multitasking behaviors, such as texting during their classroom learning, but research does not support that proposition (Wei). Do I think text messaging is a bad thing? No, of course not, it is a good thing and certainly has a place in todays computer age society in a many different ways, it can even help to keep us safe and protect us but when do not use it properly, as it was meant to be used, it depletes our writing skills, cripples our communication skills, and has a negative impact on the other language skills as well. When we let computer age technology, texting become our obsession and allow it to take over our life to such an extent that we lose all our other living and language skills it becomes as dangerous as a gun in the wrong hands.

The United States †Mexican Border: The Beginning Essay -- American Hi

During the 1800’s the United States Border region began to rapidly grow and with new land and resources to exploit, men like William Cornell Greene and immigrants such as the Chinese arrived and took advantage of the people, the land and the resources. Like similar businesspersons William Cornell Greene, a Tombstone rancher, began to explore the money making potential that Mexico had to offer. With the financial help of local elites Greene became a junior partner in ranching. (Truett, 84) It was when Dona Elena, Governor Pesqueira’s widow, put her family mines on the market in the 1890’s that Greene and several elites were able to combine their resources and found the Cananea Copper Company. Elena then leased four properties to Greene. (Truett, 85) Greene then, with the help of a Walter S. Logan, a lawyer from New York, created a Mexican corporation, the Cananea Consolidated Copper Company (CCCC) and a U.S holding company, the Greene Consolidated Copper Company. (Truett, 85) In 1901 Greene united with Packard and the Roberts family to â€Å"combine their lands in southern Arizona as the Greene Cattle Company†. (Truett, 94) In addition, Truett reveals that Greene organized two new companies in Sonora: The Cananea Cattle Company and Turkey Track Cattle Company. (94) That same year Greene purchased 344,000 acres around Cananea. Greene and Bernard and the Cananea Realty Company began â€Å"to sell and rent town lots†. (Truett, 94) The CCCC and its cohort reoriented the Mexican countryside bit by bit, acre by acre, toward the orbit of copper mining. (Truett, 94-95) Greene’s connections helped him accumulated massive amounts of land. For example with the help Tomas and Ignacio Macmanus, who traveled between Cananea and Santa Cruz,... ...ops, and restaurants onto a place that formerly lay beyond the reach of regional commercial networks†. (Truett, 121) The Chinese had control of restaurants and groceries; they were hired as gardeners, cooks, houseboys and handymen. Jobs and resources were being taken away from the Mexicans and given to the Chinese. Testimonies state that the Chinese knew â€Å"how to make themselves indispensable† and in fact the relationships between the Americans and Chinese were more amicable. (Truett, 121) The progress that the Chinese made led to prejudices against the Chinese and anti-Chinese sentiments began to fill the atmosphere during this time. William Greene and the Chinese immigrants are two of many capitalists that traveled to the U.S.-Mexican border region in hopes financial success. They helped build the Mexican economy at the expense of the Mexican citizens.

Successful Leadership Leads to a Successful Business

Quality of leadership has become a major focus of almost every business in America today. Extensive research and analysis of this aspect of management has led to many insightful books on effective leadership. One such book is C. A. O†Conner†s Successful Leadership. O†Conner discusses this complicated subject by breaking it up into seven major areas. These areas are developing awareness, understanding people, power and authority, communication, decision making, creating a vision, and taking charge. Through these seven areas, O†Conner gives valuable skills in becoming an effective leader. Before an individual can begin incorporating the seven major areas of leadership he must first learn followership. Through following, he realizes not only the importance of a leader that looks after the needs of his supporters, but also the need for supporters that contribute to the leader†s success. In any group or team where leadership is present, these two aspects are complimentary. Like wise, the skills of leadership and followership are also complimentary. An individual cannot develop his leadership skills without having developed his followership skills first. Followers learn the importance that teamwork, cohesiveness, and subordination have in the accomplishment of goals. Additionally, when an individual does obtain a leadership position, the experience he gains in following provides a basis to make better decisions. The first major area of leadership is developing self-awareness. In developing self-awareness, one must first obtain the assessment of others. A major source of this assessment is feedback. Careful attention to attitudes, comments and performance of subordinates offer great insight into the effectiveness of a leader. Listening to thoughts and opinions of fellow leaders is another major source. Honesty is the key to both sources of information in that the individual must not disregard negative aspects of his own leadership qualities. He must realize his own faults and shortcomings. The second step in self-awareness is to create a features list. A features list is done by the leader himself and is made up of at least five good leadership traits and at least five bad ones. A leader†s inability to come up with five or more traits in either category means a severe lack of self-awareness. The purpose of the features list is to keep the leader aware of his own qualities. As the individual develops as a leader, he should continuously create new features lists to ensure his own self-awareness. Once the individual has accurately assessed his own qualities, it is then time to implement improvements. A plan of action is the basis of this implementation. The plan should include creating a list of goals that enhance good qualities and make changes to bad ones. The leader must then make strides in realizing these goals. Like the features list, the individual†s plan of action should change as he develops as a leader. The next area of leadership is understanding people. It is essential that a leader understand that each of his subordinates is different, with different drives, dreams, and ambitions. To â€Å"classify† subordinates into a particular group is to deprive them of their individuality and ignore their particular needs. Understanding each subordinate†s needs is the key to motivating them. In assessing the needs of subordinates, a leader must be able to recognize what level each individual is on in Maslow†s hierarchy of needs. The hierarchy of needs is divided into five levels: the need for food, clothing, and shelter; personal safety and a source of income; family, friends, and caring relationships; self-confidence, creativity and individual achievement; meaning and purpose. In determining the level at which an individual is on, the leader can then help that individual in ascending to the next. The outcome is improved performance on the part of the worker. While this is not the only form of motivating people, it is the most effective in long term motivation. Put more practically, a leader can motivate an individual†s performance not only by explaining the advantages to the company, but also the advantages to that individual†s job security and advancement. By nature, humans seek to attain a better quality of life. For this reason, another effective form of motivation is rewarding. Individuals pay attention to doing a job well when they have personal interests as a result of the outcome. The job becomes beneficial to their own profits and not just the company†s. Balancing the use of rewards is very important. Too many offers of rewards result in disappointment and lack of motivation when one is not offered. Leaders must realize that rewards are only temporary forms of motivation that are not successful in long term leadership. The difficult task of managing power and authority is the third area of successful leadership. While understanding the authority of his position, a leader must also be open to the thoughts and ideas of his subordinates. Disregard for opinions is a sign of a weak leader who is afraid of being undermined and therefor hides behind his power. Leaders express leadership through three basic leadership styles: democratic, autocratic, and permissive. The democratic style of leadership is based on a mutual respect and treating everyone equal, regardless of seniority or position. The leader still maintains authority, but others are able to be active participants in finding solutions to problems. Autocratic leadership provides a strong, undisputed style of leadership that is effective when dealing with controversial issues. While clearly defining goals and expectations, the autocratic style of leadership often results in a leader overpowering subordinates which leads to dissension. The permissive style of leadership is described as being a weak attempt at democratic leadership. Subordinates whose leaders have adopted this style of leadership end up with poor coordination, direction, and guidance. In delegating particular tasks, effective leaders will follow a basic format of assignment. Rather then just handing a subordinate a task with the words â€Å"do this† attached to it, a good leader will define the task, discussing in detail the aspects of it, show why it is important and clearly state any expectations. In doing this the worker has a personal commitment and clear understanding of the importance of the task. Finally, the leader will evaluate and discuss the results of the task with that worker, providing feedback for that worker to improve himself. One of the most vital areas in successful leadership is communication. The most basic form of communication is listening and speaking. This involves not only the exchange of spoken words, but also close attention to body language and tone. This attention allows good listeners to sort of â€Å"read between the words† and fully understand the speaker†s message. Effective speakers take time to prepare what they intend to say, giving careful thought to what it is they are attempting to convey. There are five main features to effective communication. These features are often referred to as social skills. The first involves having a purpose for communication. This aids in guiding the exchange of information and avoids useless or irrelevant communication. The next feature is a clear and logical exchange with directness and confidence. The third feature is appropriateness. The presentation of the information must match the needs of the situation. In other words, choosing the format of delivery (i. e. mail, telephone, person-to-person interaction, etc. that is appropriate to the nature of the information. The forth feature is control. The leader must be able to exhibit self-discipline and restrain from over communicating. An example of this is allowing subordinates to learn tasks without intervention, creating an effective learning environment for the worker and not a micro-managed one. The last feature of communication is the ability to learn. Even the best communicators have room for improvement. Leaders must never be satisfied in their communication skills and continuously make efforts to improve them. Decision making is the next area of successful leadership. Leaders can be forced to make several decisions at the same time, making them to prioritize these decisions based on two criteria: future importance and current urgency. Future importance refers to the long term decisions that may seem insignificant presently, but will greatly impact the company in the long run. Making future importance decisions usually requires a great deal of analysis and planning. Current urgency decisions may seem extremely important at the time, but in actuality are not terribly relevant to the success of the company. In either case, future importance or current urgent, an effective leader makes these decisions with confidence and concern for his subordinates. The complications of decision making can often be made easier through good goal setting. In setting a challenging yet attainable goal, the leader gives solid direction to his department and sets clear objectives. From there, many decisions can be based on whether or not the consequences will help in realizing these goals. These goals offer basic guidance, eliminating irrelevant options. Even with the establishment of goals to guide in decision making, tackling a major decision can be very difficult. It is best for the leader to approach these decisions methodically, using a systematic approach of dealing with it. First the leader must establish what the primary and secondary requirements of the decision are and prioritize them. From there, he begins to consider every possible solution and tries to find new ones. Finally, through assessment of the first two steps, the leader chooses the best alternative based what he has come up with. This process can be used by the individual leader or be opened up for use of the entire workgroup in a more democratic leadership environment. The next area in successful leadership is creating a vision. A vision is an ultimate goal, usually rather universal, that gives overall direction to the company and its employees. The result is unified action that steers generally in the same direction. It is the difficult task of a leader to create and maintain this vision as a guiding light in day to day decisions. He must be aware of the sometimes ever changing â€Å"big picture† as seen by the interests of the company and ensure that the vision is in line with that picture. The final area in successful leadership is taking charge. This involves utilizing all of the first six steps and fully applying them to personal leadership development. It also emphasizes the importance of taking charge of leadership qualities that are already there and maximizing their potential. The leader must draw on experience to guide in decisions on how to lead. People are not born leaders. They become leaders through implementing these seven areas into their lives. A good leader must be able to fail and bounce back, learn from experience, and admit their own limitations. This along with a desire to learn and a drive to complete goals create the leader.

Far from Heaven Essay Essays

Far from Heaven Essay Essays Far from Heaven Essay Paper Far from Heaven Essay Paper Far From Heaven Far from Heaven is a film about a 1950s period. It deals with some issues such as race, sexuality and class. There is Cathy, the perfect mother and wife married to Frank, the successful and charming man, who works as seals manager in a big company, having the perfect life. Until Cathy, finds that her husband; Frank is a homosexual. She cannot divorce from her husband because she does not want to destruct her marriage. At the same time, she meets with Raymond, and she goes to him for comfort. They spend good time together, but their relationship causes some bad consequences for him and his daughter. On the other side, Frank cannot suppress his desires of homosexuality. When he and his wife went to a holiday, he falls in love with another man. Their life becomes depressing, and at the end, they divorce and the film ends with sadness. Far From Heaven shows that racism and homosexuality were serious problems the society faced back in the 1950s; however, nowadays the problem is not as serious and intense but it is still prevalent in some societies. First, According to Britannica online, racism â€Å"is the belief in the inherent superiority of one race over others†. Many people believe that it depends on if a person was brought into the world as a racist or not, but that is not the case at all. In fact, an individual cannot be born a racist but only learn to become one as they grow from child to adulthood. For instance, in the movie, the two boys Chased Raymond’s daughter and hit her with a rock in her head because of her color and the boys were affected by their parents thoughts. Also, in the 1950s, people used to treat the African American without respect; like when Raymond grabbed Cathy’s hand, a man yelled at him saying â€Å"hey boy† and this is disrespecting way to call a person with. : Likewise, racism leads to many side effects, like intricacy in finding jobs for the colored people. For example, in the film, all the American Africans used to work as gardeners, servants or waiters and they were totally ignored by the society, without having chance to achieve a better job. Generally, homosexual people was known as a problem; psychologists and psychiatrists had mainly studied homosexuals who were either in prison, or in therapy. As an example, when Cathy knew that her husband was a homosexual, she told him to see a doctor to solve this problem. Evelyn Hooker (1907-1996) was the first person who compared between groups of non-clinical homosexuals with a comparable group of heterosexuals: Her first report was called The Adjustment of the Male Overt Homosexual. It showed that homosexuals were not inherently abnormal and that there was no difference between  homosexual and heterosexual men in terms of pathology. Besides, in the past, homosexuals were afraid to show their homosexuality, and they were doing that underground: Frank used to go to a gay club in secret and his wife didn’t try to tell anyone about that because it was a source of embarrassment. Yet, homosexuals didn’t have any rights, like the right to work, can be limited somewhat for reasons of external misconduct, without incurring in unjust discrimination Second, racism nowadays has been weakened. Compared to the past, racism has come a long way toward disappearing. For example, Oprah Winfrey has one of the most popular shows and in the past black people weren’t allowed to work in the media. Besides, the president of the USA is black, and it’s a major shift considering to the past because they were restricted to certain jobs only. However, racism is still active in some cities and countries. Sometimes, Racism is thrown at us in so many ways that some people are subconsciously or unwillingly enveloped in its wake. For example, racist jokes are becoming increasingly familiar among teens in our society: there are many people I know who have poked fun at blacks, Asians and Hispanics for no reason but to be funny and respected by their peers. In addition, in the past 50 years, many leaders showed when the black people were actually in need to follow someone and obtain their civil rights and end the racism. Two of the most powerful and influential leaders of the twentieth century had to be Malcolm X and Martin Luther King. These two leaders had different approaches, and different views towards white people, perhaps their different approaches of violence and non-violence stem from their original opinions of how capable the whites are of being good, but fought for the same goal, and without them we wouldn’t be able to reach this level of freedom; like when Malcolm X said in his speech, â€Å"You cant separate peace from freedom because no one can be at peace unless he has his freedom. On the other hand, homosexuals in our time have many rights compared to what they faced in the 50s. In November 2003, the Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that the state cannot deny marriage licenses to homosexual couples. Following the Massachusetts decision, more gay marriages occurred publicly across the nation from San Francisco to New York. President George W. Bush responded to these activities by urging Congress to pass a constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriages. On May 17, 2004, Massachusetts became the first state to grant legalized same-sex marriages. After Evelyn Hooker’s research, comparing matched groups of homosexually- and heterosexually-identified men. She found that scores from psychological tests of the two groups were indistinguishable from one. Furthermore, there is huge percentage of the people against homosexuals because it’s a wrong act and against contrary the religions. Finally, I think Racism is still alive, and will always be alive. Historically, South Carolina promoted the harshest treatment of slaves in the 1700s, as they prospered from their rice plantations. Slaves’ body parts were amputated if they ran away. South Carolinas torture of slaves was adopted by the other colonies to put fear into their slaves. Even today, a racial flag flies high in that state as a constant reminder to the African Americans of their past, and their past oppressors. Likewise, It should be remembered that Abraham Lincoln wrote a letter to Horace Greeley saying, Dear Sir: I have not meant to leave any one in doubt My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or destroy Slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it (Uprooting Racism, Paul Kivel, pp122). Scientifically, sex is a means to an end; the end being the propagation of the human race. This end can never be fulfilled by sex between males or females. Therefore, homosexuality is irrational and illogical. Sources: gibbsmagazine. com/Racism%20Still. htm http://news. deviantart. com/article/25096/ quotationspage. com/special. php3? file=w980517 famous-quotes. com. au/authors/quotes-by-Malcolm-X. php globalissues. org/article/165/racism adl. org/hate-patrol/racism. asp religioustolerance. org/hom_agen50. htm

A Look At Sumer in Ancient History

A Look At Sumer in Ancient History In about 7200 B.C., a settlement, Catal Hoyuk (Çatal Hà ¼yà ¼k), developed in Anatolia, south-central Turkey. About 6000 Neolithic people lived there, in fortifications of linked, rectangular, mud-brick buildings. The inhabitants mainly hunted or gathered their food, but they also raised animals and stored surplus grains. Until recently, however, it was thought the earliest civilizations began somewhat further south, in Sumer. Sumer was the site of what is sometimes called an urban revolution affecting the entire Near East, lasting about a millennium, and leading to changes in government, technology, the economy, and culture, as well as urbanization, according to Van de Mieroop A History of the Ancient Neareast. Sumers Natural Resources For civilization to develop, the land must be fertile enough to support an expanding population. Not only did early populations need a soil rich in nutrients, but also water. Egypt and Mesopotamia (literally, the land between rivers), blessed with just such life-sustaining rivers, are sometimes referred to together as the Fertile Crescent. The 2 rivers Mesopotamia lay between were the Tigris and the Euphrates. Sumer came to be the name of the southern area near where the Tigris and Euphrates emptied into the Persian Gulf. Population Growth in Sumer When the Sumerians arrived in the 4th millennium B.C. they found two groups of people, the one referred to by archaeologists as Ubaidians and the other, an unidentified Semitic people- possibly. This is a point of contention Samuel Noah Kramer discusses in New Light on the Early History of the Ancient Near East, American Journal of Archaeology, (1948), pp. 156-164. Van de Mieroop says the rapid growth of population in southern Mesopotamia may have been the result of semi-nomadic people in the area settling down. In the next couple of centuries, the Sumerians developed technology and trade, while they increased in population. By perhaps 3800 they were the dominant group in the area. At least a dozen city-states developed, including Ur (with a population of maybe 24,000- like most population figures from the ancient world, this is a guess), Uruk, Kish, and Lagash. Sumers Self-Sufficiency Gave Way to Specialization The expanding urban area was made up of a variety of ecological niches, out of which came fishermen, farmers, gardeners, hunters, and herdsmen [Van de Mieroop]. This put an end to self-sufficiency and instead prompted specialization and trade, which was facilitated by authorities within a city. The authority was based on shared religious beliefs and centered on the temple complexes. Sumers Trade Led to Writing With an increase in trade, the Sumerians needed to keep records. The Sumerians may have learned the rudiments of writing from their predecessors, but they enhanced it. Their counting marks, made on clay tablets, were wedge-shaped indentations known as cuneiform (from cuneus, meaning wedge). The Sumerians also developed monarchy, the wooden wheel to help draw their carts, the plow for agriculture, and the oar for their ships. In time, another Semitic group, the Akkadians, migrated from the Arabian Peninsula to the area of the Sumerian city-states. The Sumerians gradually came under the political control of the Akkadians, while simultaneously the Akkadians adopted elements of the Sumerian law, government, religion, literature, and writing. SourcesMost of this introductory article was written in 2000. It has been updated with material from Van de Mieroop, but still depends mainly on the old sources, some of which are no longer available online: (http://loki.stockton.edu/~gilmorew/consorti/1anear.htm) The Middle East Inner Asia: A World Wide Web Research Institute(art-arena.com/iran1.html) MapBlack and white map shows the Near East from 6000-4000 B.C.(wsu.edu:8080/~dee/MESO/SUMER.HTM) The SumeriansClear, well-written history of the Sumerians, from Richard Hookers World Cultures Site.(eurekanet.com/~fesmitha/h1/ch01.htm) Genesis in SumerFrank Smithas chapter on the Sumerians includes information on education, religion, slavery, the role of women, and more. [Now at Sumer]

The Sumerian civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

The Sumerian civilization - Essay Example 42-4). The existing forms of writing were not sufficient enough to be of much use to the Sumerian civilization in its advanced methods of calculation and of setting down thoughts. There were not enough symbols, pictures or word forms in the original modes of communication. Especially, writing was found to be a hindrance when the civilization advanced to the point of sending out trade expeditions to other lands. All of these factors encouraged an advanced form of writing to be developed in the Sumerian Civilization-one in which they could keep official records (McClellan 2006, p. 66-71). Although the systems of the civilization were developing rapidly, there were not many Sumerians who had the ability to read and write. To overcome this problem, the people would hire the services of scribes who would read and write on their behalf. The main use of the written documents was the implementation of the legal system which first established and then further developed laws. The ruling King would make rules that could be consistently implemented throughout the region, as scribes would place their tablets throughout the city and the rules then could be uniformly applied (Sherman & Slaisbury 2008, p. 97-9). This process represented a major step forward. The uses of writings developed beyond just alphabets as people used them to make scaled drawings of inventions, and also used the tablets to record and get the inventions named after them. For example, the first wheeled cart was developed as a drawing on one of the specific tablets. As time progressed, writing found its use in the form of record keeping, news developments, and many other written records put on Cuneiform tablets. The writings were enhanced- to be used, as codes of law and systems of practice, for the lower administrators as well as the general public (Avery 2003, p. 112-7). 2. What were the main political changes that took place in Greek society in the period 700 - 489 B.C. What were some of the causes of these changes In the early seventh century, Greece operated on the legal code of Draco, which attempted to meet the needs that had developed from the dissatisfaction of the lower class due to the controlling power and the rule of the upper class. This conflict in interests resulted in a written code of governance for the lower class, which had become aggravated as the upper class had grown to make themselves forceful rulers of their regions-as when Cylon, for example, had seized the Acropolis (Sherman & Dennis 2008, p. 59-62). This act was the basis of revolt in the 620 B.C by the lower class, and many of the leaders of the upper class were challenged. As the laws were perceived, by the lower class, to be tailored and invented overnight by the upper class, the lower class demanded to have the rules and policies be uniformly set down in written form, in the hope that they would be equally applied to all. In the same era, a judicial system based on appointed judges also came into existence, to be responsible for administering the laws irrespective of class. Courts were established so as to ensure the proper implementation of the laws and a system evolved to establish the political

Medical Data Security Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Medical Data Security - Research Paper Example INSTRUMENTS Video Analysis Videotaping was done with a closed-circuit cameras of all the visits of the patients of the study physicians which enabled to analyze the actual form and content of interaction through the use of the SEGUE Framework(Set the stage, Elicit information, Give information, Understand patients perspective, End encounter). The focus was maintained on the six of the SEGUE tasks to evaluate the completeness of information elicited by the study physicians which are: attempts to outline patients agenda, exploration of psychological and emotional issues, discussion of how health affects a patients life, checks and clarifying of information, encouragement of patients in asking questions, and ensuring the completeness of the order at the end. The visit lengths were also noted, laboratory tests done the two major variables that could have an effect depending on type of record used. Sample Between June 1997 and February 198 data was collected from 238 clinical encounters h aving six physicians. In 18 cases, there was lack of demographic information about patients and in other cases 16 cases, videotapes were inadequate, yielding complete data for a total of 204 patient visits. Patients The study was conducted within a primary care environment characterized with a wide range of patient and health problems. Almost half (49.5%) out of the 204 patients were females. Patients’ ages ranged from 23 to 91 years with a mean of 46.6 years and a median of 42 years [7]. Even though 15.7% of the patients in the control group had at least a single previous encounter with an EMR physicians, a printout of their electronic record was also attached in the paper chart(hence the control physicians never required the computer) Physicians The ages of the EMR... Comparing with the controlled group, it was observed that the EMR physicians videotaped adopted a more active role in information clarification. This was mainly due to the semi-structured format for data recording, increased information accessibility as well as tool availability that enhance sharing of information with the patients. They were also able to engage the patients to a large extent by encouraging them ask questions and maintaining the encounter to the end. The noted trend indicating that EMR physicians completed more patient-related tasks to a lesser extent as did the control physicians added with the reports that the initial EMR physicians’ visits appeared as having extra time underscores the need for controlled pre/post intervention study on the effects of the EMR on the physician-patient encounter. Despite earlier thoughts that the computer seemed vital, it became clear that EMR physicians could not manage to orient themselves properly as did the other physicians using the paper records. The ability to maintain an eye contact is very important since it helps in gathering of information as well as conveying attention. Recent research has indicated that indirect and less eye contact resulted to less patient disclosure. Positioning of the computers to ensure that the patients too have visibility is important and also designing the offices accommodating the EMR systems to enhance comfortable positioning of the physician, patient as well as the computer in such a way to enhance patient-centered communication behaviors.